WebpositionapplyingMDA YaminaHachemi,MimounMalki,DjamelAmarBensaberEEDIS:EvolutionaryEngineeringDistributedInformationSystems SidiBelAbbesUniversityHachemina,mymalki,amarbensaber@ Abstract.Currently,Webservicesareavailableoninasimpleandeasywaytouse.However,asingleservicecannotrespondtoapredeterminedrequestbyuser.Thus,itisnecessaryposeservices,ie,anizetheminamannertoachievethegoalautomatically.Thesemanticwebservicesincreasesthedescriptionsofwebservicesusingsemanticannotations(egontology).TherearedifferentapproachestoexpressthesemanticaspectasOWL-
S,WSMO,WSDL-SandarecentW3CmendationSAWSDL(SemanticAnnotationsforWSDLandXMLSchema).Toplexity,scalabilityandheterogeneityproblemsofWebSystems,theOMGhasproposedthemodeldrivenapproachMDAbasedontheconceptsofmodels,metamodelsandtransformations.Themethoddescribesaprocessthatguidesthedeveloperthroughvariousphases,startingwiththemodels,andendingwithapoundthatcanbedeployedandpublished. Keywords:Webposition,semanticwebservices,MDA. 1Introduction AWebserviceisastandardizedmannertointegrateapplicationsbasedontheWebusingopenstandardsXML[1],SOAP[2],WSDL[3]andUDDI[4]andtransportprotocols.However,asingleservicecannotrespondtoapredeterminedrequestbyuser.Thus,itisnecessaryposeservices.positionobjectisbinethefunctionalityofseveralWebserviceswithinabusinessprocessinordertorespondplexapplicationsthatsingleservicecouldnotmeet.However,thecreationofservicefromotherservicesisfarfrombeingtrivialtask.Tohelpdeveloperspositeservices,themiddlewarewebpositionshouldprovideabstractionandinfrastructurethatfacilitatewebpositiondevelopmentandimplementation. Webserviceproposalsfordescription(WSDL),invocation(SOAP)position(BPEL4WS[5])thataremonlyusedhavenosemanticdescriptions.Itisdifficulttofindappropriateservices,sincealargenumberofservicesisdescribedonlysyntactically.Thesemanticwebservicesdescriptionisusedtoimprovesearchuracyforexistingservicesandautomatepartsposingservicesprocess. SeveralproposalshavebeenusedasOWL-S[6]andWSML[7].Inadditiontothesestandards,thereisarecentW3CmendationSAWSDL[8](SemanticAnnotationsforWSDLandXMLSchema).TheobjectiveofSAWSDLspecificationistodevelopmechanismthatallowWebservicesdescriptionsannotationwithsemanticconceptsextractedfromontologiesrepresentingknowledgeinaspecificdomain. Modeldrivendevelopmentisthebasicideatoautomaticallytransformmodelsfromoneareatoanother.Thereforeprovideamodelthatsupportsthesetransformationsisofgreatimportance. TheworkdescribedinthispaperadoptsthestrategyMDAtodevelopWebpositions. Therestofthepaperisstructuredasfollows:section2describesthebackgroundtothiswork,.Section3presentspreviousandrelatedworks,section4presentssynthesisforsemanticwebpositioninMDA;finally,section5sumsupthemainconclusions. 2Background ModelDrivenDevelopment(MDD)[9]isanemergingtechnologyforsoftwaredevelopment,promotingtheroleofmodelsandautomaticcreationofcodebypredefinedmodeltransformations.AvariantofMDDsuggestedbytheObjectManagementGroup(OMG)istheModelDrivenArchitecture(MDA)[10].MDAprovidesanenablinginfrastructurewithstandardspecificationsfacilitatingthedefinitionandimplementationofmodeltransformationsbetweenMetaObjectFacility(MOF)[11]pliantlanguages. Theapplicationofmodeltransformationsisexpectedtoimprovethesoftwaredevelopmentprocessinmanyways,asitenhancesproductivity,portability,interoperability,easeofuse,maintenanceandreusability. 3StateofArt Webpositionisnotasimpletask;itmustbeawayforWebpositiontoanizationalandtemporalconstraintsthatmustbemetbyclientapplicationtoleadbetterinteractionprocess,whichistrivial.Theconceptofmodelsallowsthereuseofthesemodels,andthusitfacilitatesWebposition.InthissectionwepresentsomeworksthathaveMDAbenefits. 3.2WebServiceComposition Webpositionisnotasimpletask;itmustbeawayforWebpositiontoanizationalandtemporalconstraintsthatmustbemetbyclientapplicationtoleadbetterinteractionprocess,whichistrivial.Theconceptofmodelsallowsthereuseofthesemodels,andthusitfacilitatesWebposition.InthissectionwepresentsomeworksthathaveMDAbenefits. Authorsin[12]examinefunctionalrequirementsofpositionandintroduceanapproachfordevelopingpositions.TheproposedapproachusesUMLtoposition.Theyuse(OCL)toexpresstransformationrules.Approachstepsareabstractdefinition,scheduling,constructionandexecution. Thesystemstartswithanpositeservice,whichspecifiestheconstituentactivitiesofpositeservice.Inthesecondphase,thepositionsystemdetermineshowandwhenservicesshouldrunandpreparesthemforexecution.Next,thesystemproceedswiththeConstructionphasetoconstructanpositionofconcreteservicesoutofasetofdesirableorpotentiallyavailable/matchingconstituentservices.Lastly,thepositionsystempreparestheposedservicesforexecution.Thisphasemapstheresultingspecificationtoanexecutablewebserviceorchestrationlanguage(e.g.BPEL). Theauthorsin[13]proposeamethodthatusestheUMLactivitymodeltodesignthewebposition,andMDAtogenerateexecutablespecificationsinpositionlanguages.ThemethodusesUMLmanufacturerswithaminimumsetofextensionsforwebservices.ThemostimportantstepofthemethodisthetransformationofWSDLdescriptionstoUML.Thisinformationisusedpletepositionmodels.Themethodisindependentofthepositionofwebservices.Theusercanchoosehispreferredlanguagepositionanditsexecutionengine.ThemethodhasbeenimplementedtosupporttwolanguagesthatareWorkscoandBPEL4WSwiththeirexecutionengines.TheyuseUMLtocapturetheposedofwebservices.ThesepatternsexpressinUMLactivitydiagramswithadditionalextensionsthatspecifytheflowcontrolbetweentheindividualperformingthepound.ActivitydiagramsofUMLareusedforpositionofservices.TheponentisthenexportedasaWorkSCoorBPEL4WS.Theprocessconsistsofthreesteps:inthefirststeptheycreateapreliminarymodelforthenewwebservicesandidentifythecandidatewebservices.ThemodellerwillextracttheWSDLspecificationstobeusedinthenextphase.ItsbutistomodelerthedetailsofpositioninUMLactivitymodels.Configuretheexecutionenginetoexecutethenewoperation.ThebusinessmodelwillbetransformedintoanXMLdocumentandwillbeenteringtheengine.ThetransformationwasmadebyUMT.Preparethenewservicedeployment.GenerateWSDLspecifications. AmethodologytodevelopWebservicesandcorrespondencebetweenaUMLmodelandWSDLwasproposedbyauthorsin[14].Thismethodologycanbearrangedbyfollowingthesesteps: DiscoverWebServices:ThedeveloperusesaWebbrowserandaclientdirectorytosearchcandidatesforWebposition.HeobtainedalistofWebservicesandthelocationsoftheirdescriptions(representedinWSDL).ImportWebServiceDescriptions:ThedeveloperimportstheservicedescriptionandtranslateditintoUML.TheresultisaUMLmodelconformstoWSDL.ModelCompositeWebService:ThedeveloperusesaUMLtooltoreviewandintegratethemodelsimportedintheformofpositemodel.ThisstepconsistsintheservicestructuremodelingandWorkflowmodeling.ExportWebServicesDescription:positeWebservicemodelisexportedinordertoobtainaWSDLdocumentforpositeWebservice.ImplementCompositeWebService:TheWebserviceismadefromaWSDLdocument. PublishCompositeWebService:Finally,posedWebserviceispublishedinadirectory. In[15],
B.BordbarandA.StaikopoulospresentacasestudyanditsimplementationwithWebservices.TheyproposeametamodelforBPEL4WS,specifythecorrespondencebetweentheactivitydiagramofUMLandBPEL4WSanddefinetransformationrulesinOCL. Kathetal[16]proposeaninfrastructuretoimplementtheMDAapproachandpresentexperimentswithEDOCandWebservices.Intheirapproach,theypresentametamodelforWebservices(WSDL),acorrespondencebetweenEDOCandWSDL,ametamodelforBPEL4WSandcorrespondencebetweenEDOCandBPEL4WS. Lopesandal[17]havepresentedanapproachtodevelopingaWebservicesfollowingMDAandtheyhaveappliedthisapproachinacasestudy(travelagency).TheyproposedtofollowtheMDAapproachasfollows:
1.TheselectionorcreationofmetamodelstobuildthePIM.2.TheselectionorcreationofmetamodelsforbuildingtheWSP.3.ThespecificationofcorrespondencesbetweenmetamodelsofPIMtoPSMmetamodels.4.Thegenerationofthedefinitionoftransformationfromthespecificationofcorrespondences.5.TheapplicationofthedefinitionoftransformationstotransformaPIMintoaPSM.6.VerificationofPSM:movetostep7ifitisplete,instep8itplete.7.TheuserinterventionpletethePSM.8.Thegenerationofsourcecode,scripts,filesfordeployment TheyusedUMLandEDOCmodelstogeneratethePIM,andATLtodefinethetransformationrules.PlatformsforwhichtheygeneratetheJavacodeareWebservicesandJWSDP. LopesnotedthatthemappingfromEDOCtoWSDLismoreuratethanthatoftheUMLtoWSDLbecausetheEDOCelementsareclosertoWSDLelements.ToshowtheimportanceoflanguageprocessingintheMDAapproachLopesdefinednotonlythechangestotheWebservicesplatform,butalsotoJavaandJWSDP. AnautomatictransformationofISDLmodelsintoBPELwasproposedbyTeduhDirgahayuin[18]forthecreationofpositeWebservicescanbemadequicklyandwithlowcost. ISDL(InteractionSystemsDesignLanguage)isamodelinglanguage-independentoflanguageimplementation.Itspurposeistosupportthedesignofthedistributedsystembyprovidinggenericdesignconceptsandatextualandgraphicalnotationtomodelthestructureandbehaviorofsystems.ISDLisusedinhighlevelsofabstraction. ThetransformationprocessconsiderthatISDLiscreatedusingGRIZZLE,soithasa.grizzleextension,usinganXMLeditor(butterflyXMLIDE)themodelisimportedinaformatISDLXML,andusingXLANGfileitisconvertedtoXMIwhichwillbetransformedintoWSDLmodels,andBPELbyusingtheYATL transformationforMDA.ThesemodelsaretranslatedintoBPELandWSDLdocumentsusingXLANG. BraheandBordbar[19]havepresentedanapproachtosupport,andsemiautomatestheprocessposingservicesbytransformingthemodelscreatedbydesignersatafinalexecutableworkflow.Thisapproachproducesgoodqualityapplicationsinlesstime.Theideaistocaptureexistingknowledgeofpanyandconsiderthemaspatternsparameterizedreusable.Thesepatternsareusedastoolsoftransformationmodels.Tosupporttheirapproach,theauthorshaveuseddomainspecificmodelinglanguagesDSMLsdesignedforpanytocapturethebusinessprocessmodelsindifferentlevelsofabstraction. TheseauthorshaveshownthatageneralmodelinglanguagesuchasactivitydiagramsorUMLBusinessProcessModelingNotation(BPMN)doesnotmodelthebusinessprocessespaniesusingtheirvocabulariesandterminologiesastheDSML.InthisapproachMDAprovidesmechanismsfordefiningDSMLsandaconceptualframeworkfordefiningtransformationsbetweendifferentDSMLs. Theprocessisasfollows:theanalysisofbusinessprocessescreatestheDSMLmodelofbusinessprocesses.Thearchitecttransformsthismodeltoanarchitecturalmodelbyapplyingapredefinedandautomaticprocessingusingthepatternsset.Inthesamewaythedevelopertransformsthearchitecturalmodelintoanexecutablemodel. DistributionPatternsdescribehowadistributedsystemwillbedeployed.positionbasedonthedistributionpatternusingMDAwasproposedbyBarrettetal[20].ThisapproachtakesasinputinterfacesofexistingWebservicesandgeneratesanpositionbasedonadistributionpatternchosenbytheengineer. Inthefirststep,Webservicesinterfaces(webservicespose)aremodeledinUML2.0.LinksbetweentheseWebservicesmodelsaredeterminedinthesecondphasefollowingachosendistributionpattern.Thethirdstepconsisttotransformthemodelintoadistributionpatternbyageneratorofdistributionpatterns,thisinstanceistransformedintoXMLusingXSLT/DOMandwillbecalledadocumentinstanceDPL(distributionpatternlanguage)thatisvalidatedinstep4byavalidationtoolofdistributionpatternstocheckifthechosenpatterninthesecondstepisadequate.InthelaststeptheexecutablecodeisgeneratedfromthevaliddocumentDPLusingXSLT/DOM. AmodeldrivenApproachtoincorporatethepredictionofperformanceintheprocessposingservicesusingBPELwasproposedby[21].ThisapproachisbasedontheuseofP-WSDL(Performance-enabledWSDL),anextensionofWSDL 3.2SemanticWebServiceComposition SemanticallydescribedWebservicesmakeitpossibletoimprovetheprecisionofthesearchforexistingservicesandtoautomatepositionofservices.InthissectionwehavepresentsomeworksthatusessemanticdescriptionposewebservicesadoptingMDA. Theauthors[22]useMDAtechniquestogenerateWebserviceOWL-SdescriptionsfromUMLmodel.ThisapproachallowsthecreationofwebposedbyspecifyingasemanticwebserviceusingtheWSDLspecifications.poundisgeneratedusingaUMLmodelandthegenerationofspecificationsandapplicationfollowingconceptsMDA. Theauthorsin[23]definedtransformationsbetweenUMLandOWL-SandpositionofWebserviceonthebasisofthesetransformations.TheprofiledevelopedusesontologyUMLprofile(definedbyDuric)tomodeltheconceptsofontology.TheyuseUMLtodescribeawebservicesandtolinkinputsandoutputs.TheirprofilesupportscodegenerationofOWL-SandWSMObuttheydonotsupportSWSFandWSDL-
S. Barrettbasedinhisapproach[24]inthecontextpositeWebservices,sothatitcansupportthesemanticWebservices.Hefollowedthesamesteps,butaddedtheconditionthatallWebponentsaresemanticallyannotatedusingOWL-Sin[20]. Gronmoandal.[25]Presentamodel-drivenmethodologyforpositeWebservices.Themethodologyconsidersasyntacticandsemanticdescriptionabouttheinterfacesofservicecandidates.ItalsoprocessesQoSrequirementsfromthedeveloperandofferingsfromtheserviceproviders. Themethodologyprovidedbetterdocumentationofpositionintheformofgraphicmodels.TheyusesUMLactivitydiagramsformodelposition.ClassdiagramsfortheconceptsofontologyandQOSrequirements.Ontologyconceptsaregroupedbypackageoreachpackagerepresentsdomainontology. Phases1and2-Thedevelopersearchinontologyregisterappropriateontologyconcepts,theresultisalexicaldocumentthatcanbeinOWL,WSMO,etc.RepeatedthesameworkforthequalityofserviceQOS.UseUMLtorepresentthepositionmodel.ActivitydiagramsareusedtopositiondataandcontrolflowandClassdiagramsrepresentQOSandontologyrequirements.Soitwilloutputalistofcandidateservicesforeachtask.Phases3and4:-Theselectionisbasedonsemanticdescriptionandqualityofservice.WewillhaveagraphicmodelandTransformationscanbeimporteddirectlyinthewebservicesinsteadoftasks.Theresultisapositionmodel.ThemodelisusedtogeneratethedifferentWSDLdescriptions. Thedesignpositewebservicesisachievedusingthebehaviourdiagramsbuttheymustplementedbystructuraldiagrams.ThisistheideaofQuinteroetal[26]whohavemodeledservicesandthebehaviourofpositionusingUMLdiagrams.ThePIMservicecanbemappeddirectlyto.NETorJ2EE.TheapplicationofasetoftransformationrulesonpositionmodelallowsthegenerationofBPEL.TheSWservicemodelcapturestheinternalstructuralneedsofaWebservicesandstructuralneedsofexternalWebservices(portsandoperations). TheauthorsconsiderthattheSWmodelisnecessarytohavepletespecificationtoallowautomaticgenerationofcode.positionofWebservicescanbespecifiedbyservicesaggregation.Byaddingthestructuralmodel,theyallowthedynamicselectionofWebservices,automaticpletegenerationofcodeandeasymaintenancepositeWebservices,... AnextensionofMIDAS[27]calledMIDAS-SforthedevelopmentofsemanticWebservices.ThisversioncontainsnewelementsmodelingsemanticWebservicesusingWSMOasaspecificplatform.ThePIMisODM(OntologyDefinitionModel),,withthesemodelsitispossibletodefinemappingstotheontologydependentmodels(PSM).ThePSMWSMOmodelsareneededtodefinethespecificationofWSML(environment,ontologies,goals,Webservice).ItispossibletogeneratePSMofOWL-
S. InanotherworkBehzadetal[28]haveproposedamodeloftransformationofOWL-StoBPELusingSITRAwhichisaframeworkmodeloftransformationusingjava.TheauthorsdefinedthemetamodelsOWL-SandBPEL,thentheysettherulesforconversionofOWL-SservicetoBPELusingSITRAtoprovethatitissimpletouse,andatthesametimeitcanplexchanges. Theauthorsin[29]treatsframeworkMoSCoE:AFrameworkforModelingWebServiceCompositionandExecutionwhichposedofthreesteps:abstraction,positionandrefinement.ItwillenterserviceinUMLstatemachinesandtheresultisasequenceoffunctionsandrelationshipsrequiredtoachievethegoaloftheservice.Theusercanprovideextrafunctionalrequirements.TheserviceproviderinMoSCoEpublishesitsserviceinprovidingOWL-SandWSDLspecifications.MoSCoEmanipulatestheinputdataandautomaticallyidentifiesposition. Timandal.[30]proposearchitecturebasedonMDAforpositionofsemanticwebservicesthroughtheuseoftheprofilethatextendsUMLactivitydiagramsandclass.ThisprofileisusedinthechangethatfacilitatestheautomaticconstructionspecificationsOWL-SfromtheUMLdiagrams.TheconditionsrequirepositionsuchasthoseonbuildingcontrolsarespecifiedinOCLandtransformedintoSWRLduringconstruction. Authorsin[31]haveproposedametamodeltofacilitatetheannotationinthesemanticWebservicesandautomaticgenerationofcode.ThismetamodelisusedtogeneratecodeforbothapproachesOWL-
S,WSMO,SWSFandWSDL-Susingthetransformationrules. Theapproachin[32]usestheSPecificationandEXecutiontool(SPEX),whichfacilitatestheautomaticgenerationofOWL-SgroundingsandassociatedXSLTtransformations.TheydemonstratedthroughanexamplethatexplainstheuseoftheSPEX. UML-S[33](UMLforServices)isanextensionofUML2.0thatallowsthemodellingofwebservicesandinteractions.InUML-Sclassandactivitydiagramsare usedtomodelwebservicesandtheirinteractions.ItprovidesaprofilebasedonclassdiagramsUML2.0.TransformationRulesbetweenWSDL2.0andUML-Sclassdiagrams.AprofilebasedonUML2.0activitydiagramsandTransformationRulesfromUML-StoWS-BPEL2.0areintroduced. SAWSDLrepresentsanextensionofformatdescriptionsyntacticWSDLtodefineamechanismthatallowssemanticannotationofdescribewebservicesintermsofconceptsprovidedbydomainontology,andtheadditionofthesesemanticannotationsincludedintheWSDLdocument.Insteadofwritingnotesbyhandorloadontologiesthispaperdescribesasimpleprocess:SAWSDLdescriptionsareproducedautomaticallyfromtheoriginalWSDLdocument.Inthisarticle[34]theyaddressthemodellingofsemanticwebservicesandespeciallyontheuseofSAWSDL;theypresentaprocessoftransformationbetweenmodelsbasedonrulestoSAWSDL. 2Synthesis Inthissectionwesummarizethedifferentapproachesmentionedaboveinsummarytablesdescribingthedifferentideasforeachauthor,thetoolsusedtomodelthePIMs,thetargetplatformstowhichthetransformationsaremade,andthevarioustoolsusedineachapproach. Table1.MDAforWebposition. ApproachOrriensandal.2003Gronmoetal.2004Skoganetal2004Bordbaretal2004 Kathetal2004 Lopesetal2005 Dirgahayu2005 Braheetal.2006 Barrettetal.2007 iarellietal.2007 PIMUMLUMLUMLUMLEDOC UMLandEDOC ISDL DSML UML UML PSMWSDLBPEL4WSBPEL4WSWSDLandBPEL4WSWSDLUDDIBPEL4WSWSDLandBPEL4WSDSML ToolsOCLUMT OCL - ATL YATL - WSDLXSLT/DOM BPEL4WS DPL P-WSDLet - BPEL4WS Table2.MDAforsemanticWebposition. ApproachGannodetal.2004Jaegerandal.2005 Barrett2006 Gronmoandal.2005 Quinteroetal.2006Acunaetal.2006Bordbaretal.2007 PIMUMLUMLUML UML UMLetMOFUMLUML PSMWSDLOWL-SOWL-SWSMLWSDLBPEL4WSOWL-
S WSDLBPEL4WSSemanticdescription(OWL-Sor WSML)BPEL4WS ODMWSDLWSMOBPEL ToolsUMTdistributionpatternXSLT/DOMDPL- ATLMIDASSITRA Timmetal.2007 UML OWL-
S OCL Florianetal.2007 Timmandal.2008Dumezandal.2008 UML UML WSDL-S/OWL-SWSMO/SWS FOWL-SUML-SWSBPEL - SPEX- 2Conclusion SemanticWebServicestechnologyisgainingmomentum.However,newWebengineeringtechniquesshouldbedefinedtoenablethesystematicdevelopmentandpromotepositionofsemanticWebservices.Inthiswork,wehavepresentedsomemethodsforpositionmodellingaddingthesemanticaspectandusingMDAapproach. References
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